Chipboard (particle board / melamine board) is the primary material in cabinet furniture. We explain what it's made of, emission classes, what E1 and E2 mean, and why brand matters.
What chipboard and melamine board are
Chipboard (particle board) is a pressed wood chip panel bonded with resin. Melamine-faced chipboard is the same panel with a decorative paper-resin laminate on top. Furniture is almost always made with the melamine-faced version.
- Core: chips from softwood and hardwood, sawmill by-products
- Binder: formaldehyde resin — its quantity determines the emission class
- Melamine surface: paper-resin film with a decor (wood, stone, plain colour)
- Standard sheet sizes: 2750×1830 mm or 2800×2070 mm
- Standard thicknesses: 8, 10, 12, 16, 18, 25 mm
Emission classes: E1, E2, E0
The emission class is the level of formaldehyde off-gassing. Lower number means fewer emissions.
- E2: above 8 mg/100 g. Not permitted for residential use in many EU countries. Not for home furniture
- E1: up to 8 mg/100 g. The standard for residential furniture, acceptable under European regulations
- E0: up to 3 mg/100 g. Used in children's furniture and eco-certified projects
- B1 (Egger): reduced flammability — a special series for commercial buildings
- Always ask: E1 as a minimum. E2 in a home — not worth it
Density and thickness
- Density: 550–720 kg/m³. Higher density means less chipping when cutting and better screw retention
- Egger and Pfleiderer: density 680–720 kg/m³ — among the best on this measure
- 16 mm — minimum for carcasses; 18 mm — better for load-bearing shelves and base units
- Back panel: 4–6 mm HDF or thin melamine board
Moisture-resistant chipboard
Standard chipboard doesn't like water: edges swell. The moisture-resistant grade contains paraffin — the core is green or blue in cross-section.
- Used for: kitchen base units, under-sink cabinets, rooms with humidity above 65%
- Does not mean waterproof: prolonged water contact will still damage the panel
- How to check: the cut edge should be green or blue, not white
Why brand matters
- Thickness tolerance: Egger and Pfleiderer hold ±0.2 mm — fewer gaps during assembly
- Consistent density across the sheet — less waste when cutting
- Decor stability: colour and texture match batch to batch
- Decor range: Egger offers 200+ options synchronised with edge banding and worktops
Myths about chipboard
- "Chipboard is toxic" — E1 is safe in normal use. E2 in enclosed spaces is the concern
- "Chipboard is unreliable" — an 18 mm Egger carcass assembled correctly will last 20+ years
- "Solid wood is better" — solid wood has its own issues: shrinkage, warping, moisture sensitivity
- "Expensive chipboard is stronger" — the difference between Egger and Kronospan is smaller than the difference between good and bad assembly
E1 class and density above 650 kg/m³ are what genuinely matter when choosing chipboard. Brand affects decor consistency and dimensional accuracy, but doesn't turn good furniture into bad — or vice versa.
Chipboard vs melamine board vs MDF
| Raw chipboard | Melamine chipboard | MDF |
|---|
| Surface | None | Melamine film | None (painted or covered) |
| Use in furniture | Structural only | Carcasses, shelves | Fronts, routing |
| Moisture resistance | Poor | P3/V100 grade | HMR grade |
| Routing | Poor | Poor | Excellent |
| Price | Low | Medium | Medium+ |